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Almost a century ago the concept of measuring surface roughness started as a way to stop disputes and uncertainty between buyers and manufacturers. Today, it is a common identifier that is utilized ...

As transistor dimensions within integrated circuits continue to shrink, smooth metallic lines are required to interconnect these devices. If the surfaces of these tiny metal lines aren't smooth enough ...

Accurate dimensional tolerance and highly refined surface finishes are critical to the function of an orthopedic implant. There is a wealth of technical data available regarding the tribology of the ...