Cellular responses to TNF are inherently heterogeneous within an isogenic cell population and across different cell types. TNF promotes cell survival by activating pro-inflammatory NF-κB and MAPK ...

The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family are a large group of pleiotropic cytokines that function as extracellular ligands to induce downstream signalling pathways. Both the ligands and ...

The same message can be interpreted differently by different individuals -- also among cells. This is shown in a study by researchers who studied cell communication through Wnt signalling, which plays ...