Genetic polymorphisms within genes encoding immune checkpoints—particularly programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)—have ...

Gliomas represent a diverse group of tumours arising from glial cells in the central nervous system. Although most cases appear sporadic, inherited variations in key genes modulating DNA repair, cell ...

The figure illustrates the major categories of genes that may influence susceptibility to dental caries, organized by their biological functions and pathways. These groups include: (1) Enamel ...

Genes make us who we are—but are they shaped by chance, natural selection, or something else?

Biologic therapies have transformed the management of paediatric severe asthma, yet response remains highly variable and unpredictable. A critical but ...

Research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in the development of appendicitis. Genetic variations may affect the risk and severity of appendicitis. Appendicitis ...